1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Surface waters are important water resources not only for regulating ecosystem functions but also for various human water uses, including provision of drinking water (EPA, 2017). Regional and provincial drinking water guidelines have long been established to direct water usages and inform potential hazards for human health. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a measurement of organic matter that passes through a 0.45 μm filter (Evans et al., 2005). DOC is an important indicator for drinking water treatability as it participates in processes such as chemical flocculation, contaminant transport, as well as formulation of disinfection byproducts (Evans et al., 2005; Schindler et al., 1997; Vok et al., 2002). Higher DOC concentrations increase water treatment cost and negatively affect the process of filtration, selection and operation (Eikebrokk et al., 2004). The Specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) is an assessment of DOC quality; a high SUVA implies greater potential of disinfection byproduct formation and higher humic substances which can lead to brown coloration and taste problems (Ledesma et al., 2012; Vok et al., 2002).
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It has been investigated that wildfires impact aquatic ecosystem functioning and surface water quality (Spence et al., 2020). Combustion of vegetation structures, soil organic matter and nutrients can alter hydrological responses, including changes in quantity and quality of DOC (Hohner et al., 2019). Previous findings of wildfire influence on DOC are inconsistent, with studies reporting DOC increases (Emelko et al., 2011; Emmerton et al., 2020), decreases (Betts et al., 2009; Rodríguez-Cardona et al., 2020), or no change (Larouche et al. 2015; Orlova et al., 2020). Quantifying the magnitude of DOC change in response to wildfires would advance drinking water treatment and water supply.
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Tomahawk wildfire in May, 2021. About 2,200 hectares were burned by the fire (Antoneshyn, 2021).
1.2 Motive
This summer, I participated in a peatland project which focuses on investigating peat harvesting disturbances to downstream water quality. The study area locates at the Tomahawk Creek along the North Saskatchewan River with a mixed landuse setting, such as agriculture, peat harvesting, and road transportation. A portion of the study area experienced a wildfire in May and this opens avenues for additional research topics. Taking advantage of this natural event, I want to evaluate DOC concentrations and quality (using SUVA as the proxy) before and after the wildfire in the Tomahawk region. I also want to evaluate the importance of wildfire among other landscape parameters such as human land use and surficial geology to DOC concentrations.
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The general DOC concentration baseline indicated in Guidance on Natural Organic Matter in Drinking Water is less than or equal to 2 mg/L (Health Canada, 2020). Specific DOC baseline proposed for the mainstem North Saskatchewan River is less than or equal to 7.9 mg/L (North Saskatchewan Watershed Alliance, 2010). This project will use 7.9 mg/L as the DOC baseline value for the following analysis. The results of the study will provide implications for the Tomahawk community to develop drinking water treatment plans and make land management adaptations under a changing climate.
Pictures showing different landscape conditions including forested (left), peat-harvested (middle), and agricultural lands (right).
1.3 Objective
The objectives of this project were as follow:
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Are there differences in DOC concentrations and SUVA before and after the wildfire? Also, how do post-fire DOC concentrations differ in reference to the baseline value?
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What is the pattern of DOC concentrations and SUVA change after the wildfire?
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Is wildfire the most important driver of DOC concentrations compared to human land use and surficial geology?
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Expectations:
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I expect that post-fire DOC concentrations and SUVA in fire-disturbed catchments would increase compared to their pre-fire analogues. In the fire-undisturbed catchments, I expect the DOC concentrations and SUVA have no difference in the pre-fire and post-fire conditions.
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I expect that DOC concentrations and SUVA will continue to rise after the fire.
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I expect the wildfire is the most important driver that alters DOC concentrations compared to the land use and surficial geology.